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The Industrial Revolution, spanning the 18th to 19th centuries, marked a transformative era characterized by technological advancements, urbanization, and economic growth. Innovations like the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom revolutionized manufacturing, shifting economies from agrarian to industrial. This period saw the rise of factories, mass production, and improved transportation via railways and steamships. While it spurred economic prosperity and global trade, it also led to social challenges, including poor working conditions, child labor, and urban overcrowding. The revolution laid the foundation for modern industrial societies, shaping political, social, and environmental landscapes for centuries to come.